Which of the below is an established risk factor for psychosis due to systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Antiphospholipid antibodies, high disease activity, and absence of cutaneous manifestations such as malar rash and photosensitivity were correlated with psychosis in a cohort of 520 SLE patients (of whom 17% had psychosis). Hypoalbuminemia may increase the risk of steroid-associated psychosis by increasing free fraction of steroid, but not of SLE-related psychosis.